Chapter 7 - Bibliography

Abney, J. R. and B. A. Scalettar. 1998. Saving your students’ skin. Undergraduate experiments that probe UV protection by sunscreens and sunglasses. J. Chem. Ed. 75: 757–760. This article analyzes the UV-blocking capabilities of a number of commercial sunscreens and sunglasses.

Adams, N. L. 1998. Ultraviolet radiation affects development but not reproduction of green sea urchins. Amer. Zool. 38 (5): 160A. A short report examining the extent that UV radiation interferes with reproduction in the sea urchin.

Adams, N. L. 1999. The green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, covers itself in response to ultraviolet radiation. Amer. Zool. 39: 113A. A beautiful study showing that sea urchins protect themselves from UV radiation in part by covering themselves with shells and seaweed, or whatever is available to them.

Adams, N. L. and J. M. Shick. 1996. Mycosporine-like amino acids provide protection against ultraviolet radiation in eggs of the green sea urchin, Stongylocentrotus droebachiensis. Photochem and Photobiol., 64: 149–158. A detailed analysis of MAAs in sea urchin eggs, this study reports that MAAs do protect these eggs from UV radiation.

Anderson, S., J. Hoffman, G. Wild, I. Bosch and D. Kabentz. 1993. Cytogenetic, cellular, and developmental responses in Antarctic sea urchins (Sterechinus neumayeri) following laboratory ultraviolet-B and ambient solar radiation exposures. Antarctic J. 28: 115–116. An analysis of the dangers that ozone holes over Antarctica pose for sea urchins.

Blaustein, A. R., P. D. Hoffman, D. G. Hokit, J. M. Kiesecker, S. C. Wall, and J. B. Hays. 1994. UV repair and resistance to solar UV-B in amphibian eggs: a link to population declines? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA 91: 1791–1795. This paper discusses the harm that UV-B radiation causes in amphibian eggs and the protective effects of photolyase in these eggs.

Blaustein, A. R., J. M. Kiesecker, D. P. Chivers, D. G. Hokit, A. Marco, L. K. Belden and A. Hatch. 1998. Effects of ultraviolet light on amphibians: Field experiments. Amer. Zool. 38: 799–812. An excellent review of the effects of UV radiation on numerous amphibian species.

De Gruijl, F. R. and P. D. Forbes. 1995. UV-induced skin cancer in a hairless mouse model. BioEssays 17 (7): 651–660. This is an excellent discussion of the hazards of UV radiation that humans are commonly exposed to.

Downes, A. and T. P. Blunt. 1877. Researches on the effect of light upon bacteria and other organisms. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. 26: 488–500. A lesson in history. As early as 1877, these researchers showed that UV radiation induced mitotic delay in cells.

Dunlap, W. C. and J. M. Shick. 1998. Ultraviolet radiation-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids in coral reef organisms: a biochemical and environmental perspective. J. Phycol. 34: 418–430. A superb review of the protective value of MAAs in coral reef organisms.

Epel, D., K. Hemela, J. M. Shick and C. Patton. 1999. Development in the floating world: defenses of eggs and embryos against damage from UV radiation. Amer. Zool. 39: 271–278. A well-written article that discusses many of the questions surrounding UV radiation damage to embryos while focusing of the damage and protective devices in tunicate embryos.

Giese, A. C. 1946. Comparative sensitivity of sperm and eggs to ultraviolet radiations. Biol. Bull 91: 81–87. An early study that shows that both sperm and eggs are ill-affected by UV radiation. The radiation used was in the UV-C range.

Gulko, D., M. P. Lesser and M. Ondrusek. 1995. Introduction to materials and methods commonly used by participants in the 1994 H.I.M.B. Summer Program on UV Radiation and Coral Reefs. Ultraviolet Radiation and Coral Reefs, 1995. (D. Gulko and P. L. Jokiel, eds.) HIMB Tech. Report #41. UNIHI-Sea Grant-CR-95-03. Pp. 19–23. This very handy paper gives the nitty-gritty details about the sources and properties of materials used in UV radiation studies.

Kerr, J.B. and C. T. McElroy. 1993. Evidence for large upward trends of ultraviolet-B radiation linked to ozone depletion. Science 262: 1032–1034. An important paper verifying that depletion in the ozone of the stratosphere has caused increases in our exposure to UV-B radiation.

Mead, K. S. and D. Epel. 1995. Beaker versus breakers: how fertilization in the laboratory differs from fertilization in nature. Zygote 3: 95–99. This is a concise summary of the ecology of fertilization, including a discussion of the protective devices sea urchin eggs must have against ultraviolet radiation.

Milne, D. H. 1995. Marine Life and the Sea. Wadsworth Publishing Co., Belmont, CA. This textbook gives a concise description of ultraviolet radiation in our atmosphere and the destructive effects of CFCs on ozone.

Peak, M. J. and J. G. Peak. 1989. Solar-ultraviolet-induced damage to DNA. Photodermatology 6: 1–15. A sophisticated review of the damage that UV radiation causes to DNA.

Rustad, R. C. 1971. Radiation responses during the mitotic cycle of the sea urchin egg. In Developmental Aspects of the Cell Cycle (I. L. Cameron, G. M. Padilla and A. M. Zimmermann, eds.). Academic Press, New York, pp. 127–159. This is an excellent review of the specific damage that UV radiation has on eggs that results in cleavage delay. It also discusses the ill effects that UV radiation has on sperm.

Shiroya, T., D. E. McElroy and B. M. Sutherland. 1984. An action spectrum of photoreactivating enzyme from sea urchin eggs. Photochem. and Photobiol. 40: 749–751. An important reference showing that the range of light that activates photolyase repair mechanisms in sea urchin eggs is 313–500 nm with a maximum effect at 365 nm.